The rule is that a number on this site has a document behind it, and the document is the primary one: the regulator, the company, the court, the paper. Not a summary of it, and not somebody’s account of it.
Three things can be true of a figure here. Most have a document we have read, and it is named below. Some are claims made by a named party where we could reach the claim but not the data underneath it, and those are marked not verified. A few move over time, a citation count for instance, in which case we name the live source and treat the number on the page as a snapshot. Not verified means we could not reach the underlying document. It does not mean we doubt the claim.
Where we do doubt something, we say that separately, and we correct it here rather than quietly on the page it came from. There is one correction below.
Supports the left-hand column of the sampling-gap figure on the home page.
Do not apply chlorine ahead of filtration, because any dose of chlorine is expected to lyse cyanobacteria cells.Also the dose ranges: 3 to 10 mg/L of PAC in normal operation, 10 to 40 mg/L during an event, and feeder capacity of 40 to 50 mg/L strongly recommended.
A minimum of two weeks of PAC storage dosed at 40 mg/L or greater should be kept on site or be readily available from the manufacturer/supplier to meet demand.Note the wording is should. This is guidance, not a mandate, and the site says “recommends”.
For Domestic orders, we aim to be able to facilitate delivery within 2 weeks from date of Order, and
In the case of Algal taste and odour events, we can often have a truck dispatched within two days.
No New Zealand supplier, utility or regulator publishes a PAC lead time, a stock tonnage or a delivery term. We searched supplier sites, council asset management plans, drinking water safety plans, long-term plans, Taumata Arowai’s rules and the Hinekōrako public register. The statement that one permanent municipal PAC dosing plant exists in New Zealand is therefore a statement about the published record, not a survey of the country. No public dataset lists which plants have PAC feeders, and the Hinekōrako register cannot be filtered by treatment process.
Acticarb states it holds stock in Auckland and Tauranga but publishes no quantity. Ixom lists PAC for New Zealand in 20 kg bags with the origin given as Australia, China or Sri Lanka, and does not state whether bulk quantities are held locally. Activated Carbon NZ in Taupō describes itself as the only New Zealand producer; its annual tonnage is not published.
The reading of Ardmore’s silos as about a day at full rate assumes a PAC bulk density of 0.25 to 0.5 tonnes per cubic metre. The grade used at Ardmore is not published.
We could not obtain the measured toxin concentrations in Salem’s treated water in 2018, or the concentrations and population for the Carroll Township, Ohio advisory in 2013.
Two things a technical reader should know. NOAA already operates a five-day toxin forecast for western Lake Erie, and Toledo has run phycocyanin sensors at fifteen-minute intervals at its intake. The gap described here is real; being first to close it is not a claim that survives in that geography. And we found no New Zealand drinking-water cyanotoxin advisory in the public record. New Zealand exposure here is prospective, not historical.
Supports the right-hand column of the sampling-gap figure on the home page.
agrees to monitor the ethylene levels of the Kiwifruit throughout the storage periodand must notify Zespri of readings above acceptable levels. This obligation has no counterpart once the fruit is in a container.
The largest remaining component of Horizon is New Zealand Onshore Fruit Supply, which is now progressing through solution design and into build to retire the legacy SAP ECC platform, with New Zealand go-lives targeted ahead of the 2028 season; ZGS phased go-lives June–September 2026; My Growing Portal in the back half of 2026. Also:
standardised exchange of core orchard information such as KPINs, block structures and maturity areas, as well as the ability to receive spray and fertiliser application data from service providers. And on what Tranche 1 delivered:
enhanced visibility across inventory, delivery performance and quality outcomes. Cumulative spend figures quoted elsewhere for Horizon come from trade press, not from the Annual Report, and we do not use them.
Advanced analytics and AI provide the capability to turn data into insight and better decisions… analytics and AI are increasingly being used to improve planning, forecasting and operational decision-making across the supply chain.
LOP: Load Out Priority, the order in which what fruit is shipped where; that
post-harvest operators will manage a LOP process, the process that decides what fruit goes where and when; and that operators
may employ varying load-out and inventory management strategies across different pools.
the criteria of the order (market access, pack type, size category etc) versus the risk of keeping that fruit. The four-part eligibility test for holding fruit. The recommendation that
there could be an industry wide standardized LOP or storage rating system to define the storage potential of any fruit, and the obstacle:
this could be challenging in the competitive environment between packhouses.And on attribution:
it is very hard to prove to the grower the direct cost of quality representative of their fruit (as we only check 5% of the product).We found no scoring system, rating or algorithm documented in the report.
About 6500 climate stations which have been operating for various periods since the earliest observations were made in the year 1850, with
over 600 stations that are currently operating, at ten-minute, hourly and daily intervals. Not verified: the access terms and licence, and which variables are held at which stations.
harvest timing and maturity management, while SunGold
was driven in part by elevated inventory levels and slower mid-season run rates due to softer economic conditions in China and late-season fruit quality challenges in some markets.Also
planning and implementing a new framework for soft defect analysis to remove variability and inconsistencies in measurement across regions, and work with the Industry Advisory Council’s Fruit Quality Steering Committee on a strategy
setting shared quality targets.
In 2025, claims on fruit sold from November reached as high as 22% - more than one in five pieces of fruit failed to meet our standards.This is a late-season figure in a discussion of the China market, not a season-wide rate. The season-wide claims rates are the NZKGI figures above.
The recording interval of the TempTale and wireless loggers as configured by Zespri is not published, and the manufacturers do not publish sampling intervals on public product pages.
We have no sourced figure for the value of a single rejected container, and none is used. A per-container value can be derived from export value and tonnage but the trays and tonnes per container are assumptions, so we do not state one.
We could not establish whether reefer setpoints can be changed remotely mid-ocean on any carrier’s public documentation, and we found no kiwifruit-specific marine cargo insurance claim data.
One thing this argument does not rest on: a gap between logger reads. Reefer controllers log continuously at 15 to 120 minute intervals, and there is no temporal window for a thermal excursion to hide in. The gap here is the variable, not the cadence.
Supports the regulator figure and the counting-states argument on the home page.
Only variety in R’s moves can force down the variety in the outcomes.Pinpoints are read directly off the printed page.
The page number for the formal theorem in Conant and Ashby is unconfirmed. The copy read is a re-typeset edition whose pagination does not correspond to the 1970 journal. The quotations themselves are verbatim.
Whether the proof has been criticised or qualified in the citing literature has not been checked. A fifty-six-year-old theorem in a small field has very likely been examined, and if it has been qualified we would rather cite the qualification than be shown it.
Requisite variety is used here as a frame, not as authority. Whether any particular system possesses variety adequate to the living system it manages is an empirical claim about that system, and nothing on this site asserts it.
Six shapes of the same problem. Five of the six carry a qualitative statement of cost rather than a figure, because we do not have a figure we can source for them. The sixth carried a number, and it was wrong.
These lists also appear at the foot of each deep-dive page, where they belong with the argument. They are repeated here so that everything the site asserts sits in one place.
The research behind the water column on the home page, now carried in full on its own page. The sampling and turnaround figures are all from regulation or from a utility’s own published wording, not from trade press.
were unlikely to be ever measured. On 10 August the probe registered an alert-level 10.9 while that morning’s sample returned 0.02 mm³/L, below the vigilance threshold. Every number in the figure on that page. doi.org
Do not apply chlorine ahead of filtration, because any dose of chlorine is expected to lyse cyanobacteria cells.Also the powdered-carbon dose ranges, 3 to 10 mg/L routinely and 10 to 50 through an event, and drawing the offtake below a surface bloom.
no later than five daysfrom collection and requires a 24-hour turnaround once an action level is exceeded.
Water samples for microcystin are collected weekly and analyzed on Tuesday.The utility with the most institutional experience of this hazard runs a weekly cadence with a fixed analysis day.
may be very steep and often change rapidly (within less than 1 hour); Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, 2nd edition, chapters 5, 10 and 11, for growth rates, treatment barrier performance and monitoring design.
Deliberately absent from the water page because we could not source them: the measured concentrations, population served and advisory duration for Carroll Township in 2013, which official presentations reference without stating; the measured raw and treated concentrations at Salem in 2018; a citable colony flotation velocity; the total elapsed time for an ELISA plate run; and a New Zealand powdered-activated-carbon procurement lead time in days, for which no supplier, utility or regulator publishes a figure.
One further absence is itself a finding. Extensive searching found no New Zealand drinking-water cyanotoxin advisory or maximum-acceptable-value exceedance in the public record. New Zealand’s exposure here is prospective rather than historical, and the water page says so rather than implying a local precedent we did not find.
Two official Toledo figures are not reconcilable and both are given where used: the MMWR reports 3.19 µg/L in drinking water while an Ohio EPA chart peaks at 2.50 µg/L. They are likely different sampling points or laboratories. We do not average them.
accelerating discussions in additional African markets. Corporate news, 30 April 2026: USD 635 million of second-phase contracts and the airlift of 30,000 cattle on 109 flights. baladna.com
Milk yield of lactating dairy cows is negatively affected by heat stress when average THI exceeds 68; the four to five kilograms a day carry-over into the following lactation; the effects on the calf. doi.org
Currently, an acceptable THI limit for high-producing dairy cows (above 35 kg·day−1) is up to 68.This is the peer-reviewed restatement of the threshold. The original re-evaluation, Zimbelman and others (2009), is conference proceedings rather than a journal paper, so it is cited through this review. doi.org/10.3390/ani15020249
We milk our cows three times a day. So, we keep our cows cool by doing these three cooling cycles every day.A teaching page rather than a study; it reports no production or fertility figures, and none are used here. dairyschool.co.il
Deliberately absent from that page because we could not verify them: a temperature-humidity index day-count for Doha or Qatar; the corporate or confinement share of Egypt’s dairy herd; herd sizes for NADEC and Al Safi in Saudi Arabia; a Baladna milking-cow split, a 2023 comparator for its 2024 yield, or any 2025 herd figure, none of which the company publishes; a committed Baladna project in Egypt or Nigeria, both of which exist only as trade-press reports; and the housing-type breakdown for US Southwest herds.
The St-Pierre and others (2003) heat-stress cost figures are widely quoted and are not used on that page, because every route to the primary text was paywalled and we would only have them at second hand.
Three findings are reported on that page specifically because they cut against the argument: Baladna’s own published yield shows no hot-climate penalty; the closest published trial to what we do found no gain in raw litres; and the one randomised trial that follows a cooling allocation decision through to fertility found the allocation made things worse.
The largest gap is an absence, and we characterised it rather than assumed it. We searched for a controlled study that varies a cooling policy on unchanged equipment and measures conception rate or next-lactation yield. There is not one. Roughly forty searches and forty-five documents, including the full citing list of Levit and others (2021), four recent reviews, two doctoral theses, and the conference and extension literature. Elsevier, Wiley, PubMed Central and the ADSA abstract archive all blocked automated access at some point, and the abstract archive is the one place a poster could still be hiding. Separately, we found no study at all in which a forecast, rather than a current reading, drove a cooling decision with a measured animal outcome.
June 2022, in sentinel hives at the Port of Newcastle, New South Wales. In September 2023 the National Management Group
decided that eradication of varroa mite was no longer achievableand the response moved to management. outbreak.gov.au
A detection of varroa in the Australian Capital Territory is reported by the Canberra Times and by Region Canberra, and we have no particular reason to doubt it, but we could not find it in a Commonwealth or territory record. The varroa page therefore says four states, which is what the government sources support, and does not count the ACT.
our premium depends on trust, the two options put to growers, and Chinese G3 availability from September to March.
almost impossible to see at the time of packing; and on impact damage taking
five or more days to show damage. zespri.com
the key control point where the fruit is segregated into market-acceptable product; controlled-atmosphere storage; reefer charters direct to Europe, Japan, China and Korea
a journey of between 2-4 weeks; the historical split of about 40 percent reefer to 60 percent container liner; the Fruit Monitoring Technician aboard each reefer from mid-March to mid-June; and KiwiStart and Time Payments. nzkgi.org.nz
Quality costs were around $1.40 for SunGold and $1.80 per tray for Green, where we saw rapid deterioration at the tail end of the season— restated a year later as $1.41 and $1.81, see the reconciliation note below; 220.9 million trays sold; $5.031 billion in net global kiwifruit sales. canopy.zespri.com
relocating fish between farm sites, stock grading operations, and early removal of underperforming fish; and that New Zealand had been
the only major salmon-producing country not using this technology. kingsalmon.co.nz
additional harvest of 2,000 metric tonnes annually; the wellboat as
non-negotiable infrastructure for open ocean farming; and the current site list and fallow status. kingsalmon.co.nz
a number of other causes, including environmental factors (for example, warmer water) and farming practices, with the bacteria having
played only a minor role in the deaths. mpi.govt.nz
We are close to our maximum harvest from Big Glory Bay, due to nitrogen cap constraints;
there is a maximum amount of feed we can use in a year due to a nitrogen constraint condition of our environmental consent;
salmon are a cold-water breed and begin to die of stress at around 20° Celsius; a record 5,623 gross weight tonnes harvested in FY25; and oxygenation equipment deployed as a mitigation. sanford.co.nz
Every claim about a scientist on this site is a claim about a public record, and every one of them now carries its own link to that record: the awarding body, the grant portal, the journal masthead, the thesis repository. Citation counts and h-indices are linked to the live Google Scholar profiles rather than restated here, because they move.
for significant contributions to logic programming and constraint programming, on AAAI’s own elected-fellows list. Google Australia Eureka Prize for Innovation in Computer Science, 2010, on the Australian Museum’s winners page. Team leader on the MiniZinc project, on minizinc.org. Bergmeir: ARC DECRA DE190100045, Efficient and effective analytics for real-world time series forecasting, $397,514, on the ARC Data Portal. Buntine: Co-Editor-in-Chief of ACM Transactions on Probabilistic Machine Learning, named in ACM’s own launch release; positions at NASA Ames, UC Berkeley and Google, on his university profile. Sriramulu: first author, Adaptive Dependency Learning Graph Neural Networks, Information Sciences 625:700–714, 2023. de Nijs: PhD, TU Delft, 2019, thesis in the university repository; third place in the dual task of the NeurIPS 2021 ML4CO competition, on the official leaderboard.
Supports the section on the standard of care.
renders it impossible to state definitively in this Legal Statement what a professional has to do (or avoid doing) in order to comply with the standard of care.The same Statement expects courts to treat guidance from professional bodies and standards organisations as a useful yardstick, which is the basis for the sentence about the gap closing.
Where a photograph is somebody else’s work, it is credited here rather than under the image, so that the credit sits with the rest of the provenance.